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1. What is solid-state lighting?

Solid-state lighting is a new technology that has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of incandescent and fluorescent lighting. Solid-state lighting uses light-emitting diodes or "LEDs" for illumination, the same kind of practical and inexpensive devices that provide the letters on your clock radio. The term "solid-state" refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object—a block of semiconductor—rather than from a vacuum tube, as in the case of incandescents and fluorescents. There are two types of solid-state light emitters: inorganic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for white-light illumination. 

2. What is a semiconductor

A semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature, applied fields, concentration of impurities, etc. The most common semiconductor is Silicon, which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs). For optoelectronic applications (where light is one of the inputs or outputs) other semiconductors must be used, including GaAs, InP and GaN. For inorganic LEDs the most common semiconductors are: InGaN, which emits near-UV, blue and green light; and InGaP, which emits amber and red light.

3. What is a semiconductor LED (Light Emitting Diode)?

A light emitting diode (LED) is a small semiconductor device that emits light in one or more wavelengths (colors). A diode is a device with two electrodes through which a current can be passed in only one direction. The diode is attached to an electrical circuit and encased in a plastic, epoxy, resin or ceramic housing. The housing usually consists of some sort of covering over the device as well as some means of attaching the LED to an electrical source. The housing may incorporate one or many LEDs. A LED is typically 1 mm2 in size, or approximately the size of a grain of sand. However, when encased in the housing, the finished product maybe several mm or more across.

In the midst of the rising fuel prices and the blackouts in California there is silent revolution in solid state lighting (SSL) that has the promise of replacing conventional light sources the way integrated circuits replaced electron tubes fifty years ago. The potential benefits of solid state lighting (SSL) are enormous.

1. It is estimated that by 2025 SSL could reduce the global amount of electricity used for lighting by 50%; no other electricity consumer has such a large energy-savings potential.

2. Most of the electricity comes from burning fossil fuel hence the reduction energy consumption results in reduced carbon-emission at the level of hundreds of million tons a year.

3. The cumulative savings potential in the US alone over 2000 - 2020 could amount to:

Saving 16.6 Quads (760 GW) of electrical energy

Eliminating 258 million metric tons of carbon emission

Alleviating the need of 133 new power stations (1000 MW each)

Cumulative financial savings of $115 Billion (1998 dollars).

5. And finally, SSL represents a new lighting paradigm that will create a new lighting industry of over $ 50 Billion/year worldwide. Flat arrays of inorganic LEDs or laminates of organic LEDs (OLEDs) can be mounted in any pattern or shape on floors, walls, ceilings, or even on furniture.

Light emitting diodes, LEDs, provide point sources such as incandescent lamps while organic LEDs, OLEDs might replace area sources such as fluorescent lamps. Both LEDs and OLEDs are currently under development for niche markets in signaling and display applications. These technologies had rapidly evolved over the last Decade.

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